Saturday, November 17, 2012

Organizational Ambidextertiy - Research Issues and Theory



Antecedents to ambidexterity competency in high technology organizations
Pages 134-151
Aravind Chandrasekaran, Kevin Linderman, Roger Schroeder
Journal of Operations Management, Jan-Feb 2012



Organizational ambidexterity has emerged as a new research paradigm in organization theory.
Four central tensions or research areas were examined in this paper
Should organizations achieve ambidexterity through differentiation or through integration?
Does ambidexterity occur at the individual or organizational level?
Must organizations take a static or dynamic perspective on ambidexterity?
Can ambidexterity arise internally, or do firms have to externalize some processes?


Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance
Sebastian Raisch, Julian Birkinshaw, Gilbert Probst, Michael L. Tushman
OrganizationScience
Vol. 20, No. 4, July–August 2009, pp. 685–695
http://orgsci.journal.informs.org/content/20/4/685.full.pdf



UNPACKING ORGANIZATIONAL AMBIDEXTERITY:
DIMENSIONS, CONTINGENCIES, AND SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS
QING CAO, ERIC GEDAJLOVIC, HONGPING ZHANG
Forthcoming in Organization Science.



Organizational Ambidexterity: IBM and Emerging Business Opportunities
Charles O’Reilly, J. Bruce Harreld, Michael L. Tushman
Stanford GSB Research Paper No. 2025
Rock Center for Corporate Governance Working Paper No. 53
May 2009
https://gsbapps.stanford.edu/researchpapers/library/RP2025.pdf



Building Ambidexterity Into an Organization
Julian Birkinshaw and Cristina Gibson
MITSloan Management Review, SUMMER 2004     VOL.45 NO.4



Friday, November 16, 2012

Customer Service Participation - Research Issues and Theory




Do Customers and Employees Enjoy Service Participation? Synergistic Effects of Self- and Other-Efficacy
Chi Kin (Bennett) Yim, Kimmy Wa Chan, & Simon S.K. Lam

Paper Summary - AMA Site



Consumer participation and productivity in service operations
JA Fitzsimmons - Interfaces, 1985


Mary Jo Bitner, William T. Faranda, Amy R. Hubbert, Valarie A. Zeithaml, (1997) "Customer contributions and roles in service delivery", International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 8 Iss: 3, pp.193 - 205


Customer voluntary performance: customers as partners in service delivery
LA Bettencourt - Journal of retailing, 1997



Psychological implications of customer participation in co-production
N Bendapudi, RP Leone - Journal of marketing, 2003


Revisiting customer participation in service encounters: does culture matter?
William E. Youngdahla,  Deborah L. Kelloggb, Winter Niea, David E. Bowena
Journal of Operations Management
Volume 21, Issue 1, January 2003, Pages 109–120


Social Media Presence - Research Issues and Theory


Beyond the “Like” Button: The Impact of Mere Virtual Presence on Brand Evaluations and Purchase Intentions in Social Media Settings
Journal of Marketing, November 2012

New prospective consumers are able to effortlessly learn the identities of other brand supporters through social media like FaceBook page likes,  in ways not possible in the offline world. But is this always good for brands?

Paper summary AMA site



Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix
WG Mangold, DJ Faulds - Business horizons, 2009

2009, Global Media Journal -- Canadian Edition
Volume 2, Issue 1, pp. 63-88
http://www.gmj.uottawa.ca/0901/v2i1_greenberg%20and%20macaulay.pdf


Making Social Media Pay:
Accenture 2011 Report
http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-Making-Social-Media-Pay.pdf

Rise of Social Media in Financial Services
Infosys, 2011 Report

Customers' Return Request - Theory and Research Issues




Employees’ Decision Making in the Face of Customers’ Fuzzy Return Requests
Sijun Wang, Sharon E. Beatty, & Jeanny Liu
Journal of Marketing, November 2012

Summary of the paper - AMA Site



Returns: A Motivational Perspective
Holtzman, Jordan
January 2007
Advances in Consumer Research - North American Conference Proceedings;2007, Vol. 34, p418

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/conference-papers/27997814/returns-motivational-perspective


A “Returning Problem” Reducing the Quantity and Cost of Product
Returns in Consumer Electronics
David Douthit, Michael Flach and Vivek Agarwal
Accenture paper, 2011
http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-Reducing-the-Quantity-and-Cost-of-CustomerReturns.pdf


Organizational Identity and Marketing - Theoretical and Research Issues




Mapping the Play of Organizational Identity in Foreign Market Adaptation
Julien Cayla & Lisa Peñaloza
Journal of Marketing, November 2012




Buffering Organizational Identity in the Marketing Culture
Organization Studies July 1995 16: 651-672.

Foreign Branding or Foreign Brand Names - Theory




The Double-Edged Sword of Foreign Brand Names for Companies from Emerging Countries
Valentyna Melnyk, Kristina Klein, & Franziska Völckner
Journal of Marketing, November 2012

Related conference paper


What’s in a Name? Asymmetry of Foreign Branding Effects in Hedonic versus
Utilitarian Product Categories
Valentyna Melnyk, Kristina Klein, Franziska Völckner
ANZMAC 2009
http://www.duplication.net.au/ANZMAC09/papers/ANZMAC2009-579.pdf

Maria Elena Villar, Di Ai, Sigal Segev, (2012) "Chinese and American perceptions of foreign-name brands", Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 21 Iss: 5, pp.341 - 349



Foreign Branding and Its Effects on Product Perceptions and Attitudes
France Leclerc, Bernd H. Schmitt and Laurette Dubé
Journal of Marketing Research
Vol. 31, No. 2, Special Issue on Brand Management (May, 1994), pp. 263-270


Customer Involvement - Participation in New Product Development, Design and Innovation




Recent Research paper


Creating Major Innovations with Customers: Insights from Small and Young Technology Firms
Nicole E. Coviello & Richard M. Joseph
Journal of Marketing, November 2012

Summary - AMA site

The relevant focus involves collectively learning with customers through early engagement and conversation. In addition, mindful trial-and-error and a simple, experiential process of sense-making seem is more relevant. Successful innovators cultivate an agile approach to learning.


The Innovation Effect of User Design: Exploring Consumers' Innovation Perceptions of Firms Selling Products Designed by Users
Martin Schreier, Christoph Fuchs, & Darren W. Dahl
Journal of Marketing, September 2012

Summary - AMA Site

A counterintuitive finding:


The study finds evidence that common design by users (use of customers' designs by the firm) enhances consumer perceptions of the firm’s innovation ability–a counterintuitive effect given that consumers tend to associate less expertise to users vs. company designers. This innovation effect of user design is identified across several product categories can be understood or explained by four distinct consumer inferences.

(1) a numbers argument (more people involved leads to more ideas) - more choice,
(2) a diversity argument (more diverse people involved leads to more diverse ideas) - differences or alternatives which are really different,
(3) a user argument (actual users leads to more applicable ideas)  - utility is more,
(4) a constraints argument (people who are less constrained leads to more freedom in ideas) - consumer not constrained by business compulsions to start with.

The authors find that this perceived innovation ability has effect on important marketing  variables related to consumers, like intention to recommend the firm to others, purchase intentions, and willingness to pay.



Customer Stewardship




Recent research paper


Principles and Principals: Do Customer Stewardship and Agency Control Compete or Complement When Shaping Frontline Employee Behavior?
Jeroen Schepers, Tomas Falk, Ko de Ruyter, Ad de Jong, & Maik Hammerschmidt
Journal of Marketing, November 2012
Summary of the article - AMA Site



The Customer Stewardship Program: Successfully Linking Consumer Education and Corporate Strategy
Jamie Wimberly, Ken Malloy and Kent Van Liere
The Electricity Journal, 1999, vol. 12, issue 7, pages 32-41


de Ruyter, K., de Jong, A., & Wetzels, M. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of
environmental stewardship in boundary-spanning B2B teams. Journal of the Academy
of Marketing Science, 37(4), 470-487.


The concept of environmental stewardship: It is  a shared belief among boundary-spanning
marketing teams. As stewards, employees believe that companies and customers have a legacy to uphold and should purposefully contribute to improving environmental conditions.




From Scrooges to Stewards: How an Empathic Other-Focus Triggers Customer
Stewardship in Response to Negative Blog Posts
Tom van Laer, Maastricht University
Ko de Ruyter, Maastricht University
David Cox, CiLoyalty and Maastricht University
2010 conference paper
http://anzmac2010.org/proceedings/pdf/anzmac10Final00116.pdf


Thursday, November 15, 2012

The Human Relations School of ’Scientific’ Management



This is an interesting characterization that I came across today (16.11.2012) in

V. Lynn Meek, Organizational Culture: Origins and Weaknesses
Organization Studies 1988 9: 453
http://oss.sagepub.com/content/9/4/453


The human relations school of ’scientific’ management  was the first body of theorists to explore informal social relations in organizations and to take the concept of organizational culture seriously (see Perrow 1979 for a review of the history of the human relations school and see
Mayo 1933; Gardner 1945; Warner and Low 1947; Richardson and Walker
1948). ,The human relations theorists of this school have approached organizational
culture mainly from a behaviourist oriented psychological framework.

The language used by them is based on a medical/biological metaphor:  healthy and unhealthy organizational culture or climate and talk about organizational hygiene. They regarded culture as something which an organization has and which can be manipulated to serve the ends of management.

In summarizing past research efforts of this human relations school, Gregory (1983: 361) argues that the school’s ’promanagement position resulted in biased research that studied the
behaviour of lower ranking personnel and supported unquestioningly the rational manager model’.


Adaptive Organizational Culture


I came across the concept in the context of reviewing a paper on CEO Charismatic Leadership (Waldman and Yammrino).


Adaptive and nonadaptive cultures is  a distinction suggested by Kotter and Heskett (1992).

Adaptive cultures are characterized by common values and ways of behaving that emphasize innovation, risk taking, candid communication, integrity, teamwork, and enthusiasm.

Non-adaptivecultures stress order and efficiency, and they are averse to change, innovation, and risk-taking.

Waldman and Yammarino developed the proposition that  adaptive cultures will tend to precede or allow for the emergence of charismatic leadership more than non-adaptive cultures.  Adaptive cultures  not only tolerate but even encourage higher autonomy, intellectual stimulation, and novel solutions. They depend on members' commitment and a high level of trust among members, and cannot reside in highly mechanistic organizations that rely primarily on bureaucratic controls (Shamir and Howell).





Kotter and Heskett 1992
J.P. Kotter, J.L. Heskett
Corporate culture and performance (Book)  The Free Press, New York (1992)


Organizational and contextual influences on the emergence and effectiveness of charismatic leadership
Boas Shamir, Jane M. Howell
The Leadership Quarterly
Volume 10, Issue 2, Summer 1999, Pages 257–283




Green Supply Chain Management




An organizational theoretic review of green supply chain management literature
J Sarkis, Q Zhu, K Lai - International Journal of Production Economics, 2011 - Elsevier




Green supply‐chain management: a state‐of‐the‐art literature review
SK Srivastava - International journal of management reviews, 2007

Big Five Personality Dimensions

The  RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FIVE FACTORS OF PERSONALITY, INDIVIDUAL JOB PERFORMANCE AND ITS COMPONENTS IN THE INDIAN CORPORATE SECTOR
Karthikeyan and D.K.Srivastava
Volume 3, Issue 1, January- June (2012), pp. 37-55

Journal Paper link
http://www.iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/UploadFolder/THE%20RELATIONSHIP%20BETWEEN%20THE%20FIVE%20FACTORS%20OF%20PERSONALITY,%20INDIVIDUAL%20JOB%20PERFORMANCE%20AND%20ITS%20COMPONENTS%20IN%20THE%20INDIAN%20CORPORATE%20SECTOR.pdf


The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis
MR Barrick, MK Mount - Personnel psychology, 2006





An alternative" description of personality": the big-five factor structure.
LR Goldberg - … and Social Psychology; Journal of Personality and …, 1990 - psycnet.apa.org


Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model
JM Digman - Annual review of psychology, 1990 - annualreviews.org


The Big Five personality factors and team performance: Implications for selecting successful product design teams
SL Kichuk, WH Wiesner - Journal of Engineering and Technology …, 1997 - Elsevier

The Five Factor Model of personality and job performance in the European Community.
JF Salgado - Journal of Applied psychology, 1997 - psycnet.apa.org



Personality and job performance: The Big Five revisited.
GM Hurtz, JJ Donovan - Journal of Applied Psychology, 2000 - psycnet.apa.org





The big five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span
TA Judge, CA Higgins, CJ Thoresen… - Personnel …, 2006


Leadership Succession




INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS TO LEADERSHIP SUCCESSION IN WORKGROUPS.
By: Ballinger, Gary A.; Schoorman, F. David. Academy of Management Review. Jan 2007, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p118-136.





Leadership succession: How new deans take charge and learn the job
WH Gmelch - Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 2000 - jlo.sagepub.com


Leadership succession planning: an evidence-based approach for managing the future
RW Redman - Journal of nursing administration, 2006 - journals.lww.com


Rethinking leadership and change: a case study in leadership succession and its impact on school transformation
B Barker - Cambridge Journal of Education, 2006 - Taylor & Francis

Theory of Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management



AN INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT: ON THE LOST THEORETICAL LOGIC OF TAYLORISM.  Wagner-Tsukamoto, Sigmund. Academy of Management Review. Jan2007, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p105-117.

Corporate Governance






A survey of corporate governance
A Shleifer, RW Vishny - The journal of finance, 2012


Corporate finance and corporate governance
OE Williamson - The journal of finance, 2012



CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM PUBLIC GOVERNANCE?
By: Benz, Matthias; Frey, Bruno S. Academy of Management Review. Jan2007, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p92-104.



Modest Proposal for Improved Corporate Governance, A
M Lipton, JW Lorsch - Bus. Law., 1992 - HeinOnline


Corporate governance: some theory and implications
O Hart - The Economic Journal, 1995

Knowledge as Capital




CAN IDEAS BE CAPITAL? FACTORS OF PRODUCTION IN THE POSTINDUSTRIAL ECONOMY: A REVIEW AND CRITIQUE.
By: DEAN, ALISON; KRETSCHMER, MARTIN. Academy of Management Review. Apr2007, Vol. 32 Issue 2, p573-594.



Calculating knowledge capital
PA Strassmann - Knowledge Management Magazine, 1999


Assessing knowledge assets: a review of the models used to measure intellectual capital
N Bontis - International journal of management reviews, 2001




Knowledge capital and performance heterogeneity:: A firm-level innovation study
H Lööf, A Heshmati - International Journal of Production Economics, 2002 - Elsevier


Knowledge capital and spillover on regional economic growth: Evidence from China
CC Kuo, CH Yang - China Economic Review, 2008 - Elsevier

Motivation to Lead




MOTIVATION TO LEAD, MOTIVATION TO FOLLOW: THE ROLE OF THE SELF-REGULATORY FOCUS IN LEADERSHIP PROCESSES.
By: KARK, RONIT; VAN DIJK, DINA. Academy of Management Review. April 2007, Vol. 32 Issue 2, p500-528.






Toward a theory of individual differences and leadership: understanding the motivation to lead.
KY Chan, F Drasgow - Journal of Applied Psychology, 2001 - psycnet.apa.org


BOOK-  Exploring the antecedents of motivation to lead and the affects of collective efficacy
RW Erickson - 2005 - gradworks.umi.com



A contribution to the validation of the motivation to lead scale (MTL): A research in the Italian context
A Bobbio, AMM Rattazzi - Leadership, 2006 - lea.sagepub.com



An examination of the antecedents of the motivation to lead
SR Kessler, DJ Radosevich, J Cho… - International Journal, 2008


Group Decision Making







GROUP DECISION MAKING UNDER CONDITIONS OF DISTRIBUTED KNOWLEDGE: THE INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES MODEL.
BRODBECK, FELIX C.; KERSCHREITER, RUDOLF; MOJZISCH, ANDREAS; SCHULZ-HARDT, STEFAN. Academy of Management Review. Apr2007, Vol. 32 Issue 2, p459-479.



On the rationale of group decision-making
D Black - The Journal of Political Economy, 1948


Decision emergence: Phases in group decision‐making
BA Fisher - Communications Monographs, 1970 - Taylor & Francis


Group decision making under stress.
JE Driskell, E Salas - Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991 - psycnet.apa.org


Collective Cognition




COLLECTIVE COGNITION IN ACTION: ACCUMULATION, INTERACTION, EXAMINATION, AND ACCOMMODATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF GROUP EFFICACY BELIEFS IN THE WORKPLACE.
By: GIBSON, CRISTINA B.; EARLEY, P. CHRISTOPHER. Academy of Management Review. Apr2007, Vol. 32 Issue 2, p438-458.

Job Design




RELATIONAL JOB DESIGN AND THE MOTIVATION TO MAKE A PROSOCIAL DIFFERENCE.
By: GRANT, ADAM M. Academy of Management Review. Apr2007, Vol. 32 Issue 2, p393-417.


Interdisciplinary approaches to job design: A constructive replication with extensions.
MA Campion - Journal of Applied Psychology, 1988

Upper Echelons Theory




UPPER ECHELONS THEORY: AN UPDATE
HAMBRICK, DONALD C. Academy of Management Review. April 2007, Vol. 32 Issue 2, p334-343.



The top management team and corporate performance
D Norburn, S Birley - Strategic Management Journal, 2006

Stakeholder Influence Capacity





STAKEHOLDER INFLUENCE CAPACITY AND THE VARIABILITY OF FINANCIAL RETURNS TO CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.
Barnett, Michael L. Academy of Management Review. July 2007, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p794-816.


Visualising and mapping stakeholder influence
L Bourne, DHT Walker - Management Decision, 2005 - emeraldinsight.com

Using a visualising tool to study stakeholder influence–two Australian examples
L Bourne, DHT Walker - Journal of Project Management, 2006

Corporations as Social Change Agents





CORPORATIONS AS SOCIAL CHANGE AGENTS: INDIVIDUAL, INTERPERSONAL, INSTITUTIONAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS.
Bies, Robert J.; Bartunek, Jean M.; Fort, Timothy L.; Zald, Mayer N. Academy of Management Review. Jul2007, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p788-793


Investing in Social Innovation by Corporates
Working Paper 2006, John F Kennedy School of Government
http://www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_20_nelson_jenkins.pdf

Work - Family Interface




WORK-FAMILY INTERFACE EXPERIENCES AND COPING STRATEGIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH AND PRACTICE.
By: Jennings, Jennifer E.; McDougald, Megan S. Academy of Management Review. July 2007, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p747-760.




Developing and testing an integrative model of the work–family interface
MR Frone, JK Yardley, KS Markel - Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1997 - Elsevier


A cross-cultural test of a model of the work-family interface
S Aryee, D Fields, V Luk - Journal of management, 1999 - jom.sagepub.com



Reconceptualizing the work–family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family.
JG Grzywacz, NF Marks - Journal of Occupational Health  2000 - psycnet.apa.org

Anger in Organizations





Anger in organizations: Review and integration
DE Gibson, RR Callister - Journal of Management, 2010 - jom.sagepub


CROSSING THE LINE(S): A DUAL THRESHOLD MODEL OF ANGER IN ORGANIZATIONS.
GEDDES, DEANNA; CALLISTER, RONDA ROBERTS. Academy of Management Review. July 2007, Vol. 32 Issue 3, Pp. 721-746.



Managing Anger and Annoyance in Organizations in China The Role of Constructive Controversy
D Tjosvold, F Su - Group & Organization Management, 2007 - gom.sagepub.com




Workplace anger and aggression: Informing conceptual models with data from specific encounters.
TM Glomb - Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2002 - psycnet.apa.org

Stock Market Valuation in response to Rapid Technological change





THE INCUMBENT DISCOUNT: STOCK MARKET CATEGORIES AND RESPONSE TO RADICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE.
By: BENNER, MARY J. Academy of Management Review. July 2007, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p703-720.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior





THE POTENTIAL PARADOX OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: GOOD CITIZENS AT WHAT COST?
BERGERON, DIANE M. Academy of Management Review. Oct2007, Vol. 32 Issue 4, p1078-1095




Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents.
C Smith, DW Organ, JP Near - Journal of Applied Psychology; 1983



Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors
LJ Williams, SE Anderson - Journal of management, 1991 - jom.sagepub.com


A META‐ANALYTIC REVIEW OF ATTITUDINAL AND DISPOSITIONAL PREDICTORS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR
DW Organ, K Ryan - Personnel psychology, 1995



Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct clean-up time
DW Organ - Human performance, 1997 - Taylor & Francis



Contract Design





CONTRACT DESIGN AS A FIRM CAPABILITY: AN INTEGRATION OF LEARNING AND TRANSACTION COST PERSPECTIVES.
By: ARGYRES, NICHOLAS; MAYER, KYLE J. Academy of Management Review. Oct2007, Vol. 32 Issue 4, p1060-1077.


There is more to contracts than incompleteness: a review and assessment of empirical research on inter-firm contract design
M Furlotti - Journal of Management and Governance, 2007 - Springer



Learning to contract: Evidence from the personal computer industry
KJ Mayer, NS Argyres - organization Science, 2004 - orgsci.highwire.org

Group Learning




GROUP LEARNING.
WILSON, JEANNE M.; GOODMAN, PAUL S.; CRONIN, MATTHEW A. Academy of Management Review. Oct2007, Vol. 32 Issue 4, p1041-1059.


Types of group learning
P Cranton - New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 1996


Distal and local group learning: Performance trade-offs and tensions
SS Wong - Organization Science, 2004 - orgsci.highwire.org

Stigmatization





A NEW LOOK AT STIGMATIZATION IN AND OF ORGANIZATIONS.
Paetzold, Ramona L.; Dipboye, Robert L.; Elsbach, Kimberly D. Academy of Management Review. Jan 2008, Vol. 33 Issue 1, p186-193.



KNOWN BY THE COMPANY WE KEEP: STIGMA-BY-ASSOCIATION EFFECTS IN THE WORKPLACE.
 Kulik, Carol T.; Bainbridge, Hugh T. J.; Cregan, Christina. Academy of Management Review. Jan 2008, Vol. 33 Issue 1, p216-230.

Team Coordination





TEAM IMPLICIT COORDINATION PROCESSES: A TEAM KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACH.
By: Rico, Ramón; Sánchez-Manzanares, Miriam; Gil, Francisco; Gibson, Cristina. Academy of Management Review. Jan2008, Vol. 33 Issue 1, p163-184.

Humans at Work - Linking Physiology and Human Behavior with Organizations





POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND THE HUMAN BODY AT WORK: LINKING ORGANIZATIONS AND PHYSIOLOGY.
By: Heaphy, Emily D.; Dutton, Jane E. Academy of Management Review. Jan 2008, Vol. 33 Issue 1, Pp137-162

Corporate Social Responsibility - Theory





CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: A PROCESS MODEL OF SENSEMAKING.
Basu, Kunal; Palazzo, Guido. Academy of Management Review. Jan 2008, Vol. 33 Issue 1, p122-136.

Resistance to Change




RESISTANCE TO CHANGE: THE REST OF THE STORY.
By: FORD, JEFFREY D.; FORD, LAURIE W.; D'AMELIO, ANGELO. Academy of Management Review. Apr2008, Vol. 33 Issue 2, p362-377.

Organizational Corruption




RE-VIEWING ORGANIZATIONAL CORRUPTION.
By: ASHFORTH, BLAKE E.; GIOIA, DENNIS A.; ROBINSON, SANDRA L.; TREVIÑO, LINDA K. Academy of Management Review. July 2008, Vol. 33 Issue 3, Pp. 670-684.

Brainstorming






BRAINSTORMING RECONSIDERED: A GOAL-BASED VIEW.
By: LITCHFIELD, ROBERT C. Academy of Management Review. July 2008, Vol. 33 Issue 3, p649-668.

Management Innovation






We define management innovation as the invention and implementation of a management
practice, process, structure, or technique that is new to the state of the art
and is intended to further organizational goals.



MANAGEMENT INNOVATION.
By: BIRKINSHAW, JULIAN; HAMEL, GARY; MOL, MICHAEL J. Academy of Management Review. Oct2008, Vol. 33 Issue 4, p825-845.

Wednesday, November 14, 2012

Trust Repair




TRUST REPAIR AFTER AN ORGANIZATION-LEVEL FAILURE.
GILLESPIE, NICOLE; DIETZ, GRAHAM. Academy of Management Review. Jan 2009, Vol. 34 Issue 1, p127-145.

THE ROLE OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION DIMENSIONS IN TRUST REPAIR.
TOMLINSON, EDWARD C.; MAYER, ROGER C. Academy of Management Review. Jan 2009, Vol. 34 Issue 1, p85-104

Entrepreneurial Team




TOUGH LOVE: HOW COMMUNAL SCHEMAS AND CONTRACTING PRACTICES BUILD RELATIONAL CAPITAL IN ENTREPRENEURIAL TEAMS.
BLATT, RUTH.

Academy of Management Review. July 2009, Vol. 34 Issue 3, p533-551.

Entrepreneurial Passion





THE NATURE AND EXPERIENCE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL PASSION.
CARDON, MELISSA S.; WINCENT, JOAKIM; SINGH, JAGDIP; DRNOVSEK, MATEJA. Academy of Management Review. July 2009, Vol. 34 Issue 3, Pp. 511-532.



ENTREPRENEUR PASSION AND PREPAREDNESS IN
BUSINESS PLAN PRESENTATIONS: A PERSUASION
ANALYSIS OF VENTURE CAPITALISTS’ FUNDING DECISIONS
Academy of Management Journal
2009, Vol. 52, No. 1, 199–214.

Competitive Advantage - Theory





ON THE ORIGINS OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: STRATEGIC FACTOR MARKETS AND HETEROGENEOUS RESOURCE COMPLEMENTARITY.
ADEGBESAN, J. ADETUNJI. Academy of Management Review. July  2009, Vol. 34 Issue 3, Pp. 463-475.


Dierickx, I., & Cool, K. 1989. Asset stock accumulation and
sustainability of competitive advantage. Management
Science, 35: 1504–1511.


Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive
advantage. Journal of Management, 17: 99–120.

Peteraf, M. A. 1993. The cornerstones of competitive advantage:
A resource-based view. Strategic Management
Journal, 14: 179–191.


Adner, R., & Zemsky, P. 2006. A demand-based perspective on
sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management
Journal, 27: 215–239.

Factor Market Rivalry - Competition for Resources



Focus on product-market rivalry, fails to tell the whole story of competition among firms.
Theory of factor-market rivalry is developed in this paper. Focusing on resource versatility and mobility, the theory introduces dynamic constructs—resource discontinuities, leapfrogging, and

captivity—and explains their role in triggering cascading effects.



Seminal paper on the topic

FACTOR-MARKET RIVALRY.
MARKMAN, GIDEON D.; GIANIODIS, PETER T.; BUCHHOLTZ, ANN K. Academy of Management Review. Jul 2009, Vol. 34 Issue 3, p 423-441.

Path Dependence of Organizational Growth





ORGANIZATIONAL PATH DEPENDENCE: OPENING THE BLACK BOX.
By: SYDOW, JÖRG; SCHREYÖGG, GEORG; KOCH, JOCHEN. Academy of Management Review. Oct 2009, Vol. 34 Issue 4, p689-709.


Masuch, M. 1985. Vicious circles in organizations.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 29: 14-33.

Interfirm Knowledge Exchange - Theory





INTERFIRM KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGES AND THE KNOWLEDGE CREATION CAPABILITY OF CLUSTERS.

ARIKAN, ANDAÇ T. Academy of Management Review. Oct 2009, Vol. 34 Issue 4, p658-676


Tallman, S., Jenkins, M., Henry, N., & Pinch, S. 2004. Knowledge,
clusters, and competitive advantage. Academy of
Management Review, 29: 258-271.

Open Innovation






OPEN VERSUS CLOSED INNOVATION: A MODEL OF DISCOVERY AND DIVERGENCE.
ALMIRALL, ESTEVE; CASADESUS-MASANELL, RAMON. Academy of Management Review. Jan 2010, Vol. 35 Issue 1, p27-47.




West, J. 2003.
How open is open enough? Melding proprietary and open source platform strategies.
Research Policy, 32: 1259–1285

Agency Theory






RETHINKING AGENCY THEORY: THE VIEW FROM LAW.
LAN, LUH LUH; HERACLEOUS, LOIZOS. Academy of Management Review. Apr2010, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p294-314.

Charismatic CEO Leadership - Theory




Bringing out charisma: CEO charisma and external stakeholders.
A Fanelli, VF Misangyi - Academy of Management Review, 2006 - amr.aom.org





CEO charismatic leadership: Levels-of-management and levels-of-analysis effects
DA Waldman, FJ Yammarino - Academy of Management Review, 1999


Securities analyst responses to CEO charismatic images: a symbolic perspective
A Fanelli - 2003 - purl.fcla.edu



Fitting in organizational values: The mediating role of person-organization fit between CEO charismatic leadership and employee outcomes
MP Huang, BS Cheng, LF Chou - International Journal,   2005






Defeating the Minotaur: The construction of CEO charisma on the US stock market
A Fanelli, NI Grasselli - Organization Studies, 2006 - oss.sagepub.com


In charisma we trust: The effects of CEO charismatic visions on securities analysts
A Fanelli, VF Misangyi, HL Tosi - Organization Science, 2009 - orgsci.journal.informs.org



Charismatic Leadership - Theory






SPREADING THE WORD: THE ROLE OF SURROGATES IN CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP PROCESSES.

GALVIN, BENJAMIN M.; BALKUNDI, PRASAD; WALDMAN, DAVID A. Academy of Management Review. July 2010, Vol. 35 Issue 3, Pp. 477-494.




Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings
JA Conger, RN Kanungo - Academy of management review, 1987


House, R. J., & Howell, J. M. 1992. Personality and charismatic
leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 3: 81–108.

Shamir, B. 1995. Social distance and charisma: Theoretical
notes and an exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 6:
19–47.



Organizational and contextual influences on the emergence and effectiveness of charismatic leadership
Boas Shamir, Jane M. Howell
The Leadership Quarterly
Volume 10, Issue 2, Summer 1999, Pages 257–283
(Summary of the paper and propositions presented)


Pastor, J. C., Meindl, J., & Mayo, M. 2002. A network effects
model of charisma attributions. Academy of Management
Journal, 45: 410–420.

Balkundi, P., Kilduff, M., & Harrison, D. 2009. Constructing
charisma: A social network approach to team leadership
and performance. Working paper, SUNY at Buffalo
School of Management, Buffalo, NY.


Networking Abroad - Expatriate Relation Building





NETWORKING ABROAD: A PROCESS MODEL OF HOW EXPATRIATES FORM SUPPORT TIES TO FACILITATE ADJUSTMENT.

FARH, CRYSTAL I. C.; BARTOL, KATHRYN M.; SHAPIRO, DEBRA L.; SHIN, JISEON. Academy of Management Review. Jul2010, Vol. 35 Issue 3, p434-454.

Leader - Member Exchange Theory





WHAT ABOUT THE LEADER IN LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE? THE IMPACT OF RESOURCE EXCHANGES AND SUBSTITUTABILITY ON THE LEADER.

WILSON, KELLY SCHWIND; SIN, HOCK-PENG; CONLON, DONALD E.
Academy of Management Review. Jul 2010, Vol. 35 Issue 3, p358-372.




Graen, G. B., & Scandura, T. A. 1987.
Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing.
Research in Organizational Behavior,
9: 175–208.


Sin, H. P., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. 2009.
Understanding why they don’t see eye-to-eye: An examination
of leader-member exchange (LMX) agreement.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 94: 1048–1057.


Imagining New Projects and Ventures - Theory





IMAGINING AND RATIONALIZING OPPORTUNITIES: INDUCTIVE REASONING AND THE CREATION AND JUSTIFICATION OF NEW VENTURES.


CORNELISSEN, JOEP P.; CLARKE, JEAN S. Academy of Management Review. Oct2010, Vol. 35 Issue 4, p539-557.


Shane, S. A. 2000. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11:
448–469.


Ward, T. B. 2004. Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship.
Journal of Business Venturing, 19: 173–188.


Social Judgement of Organization - Theory





“The endorsement of an organization by social actors”
Deephouse, 1996


“Acceptance of the organization by its environment”

Kostova & Zaheer, 1999



TOWARD A THEORY OF SOCIAL JUDGMENTS OF ORGANIZATIONS: THE CASE OF LEGITIMACY, REPUTATION, AND STATUS.
Bitektine, Alex. Academy of Management Review. Jan2011, Vol. 36 Issue 1, Pp.151-179.

Relations Between Top Management and Middle Managers






THE INTERFACE OF THE TOP MANAGEMENT TEAM AND MIDDLE MANAGERS: A PROCESS MODEL.
Raes, Anneloes M. L.; Heijltjes, Mariëlle G.; Glunk, Ursula; Roe, Robert A. Academy of Management Review. Jan2011, Vol. 36 Issue 1, p102-126

Knowledge Production




NEW KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTS AS BRICOLAGE: METAPHORS AND SCRIPTS IN ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY.
Boxenbaum, Eva; Rouleau, Linda. Academy of Management Review. Apr2011, Vol. 36 Issue 2, p272-296.

Theory or Theories of Organization






WHERE ARE THE NEW THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION?

Suddaby, Roy; Hardy, Cynthia; Huy, Quy Nguyen. Academy of Management Review. Apr2011, Vol. 36 Issue 2, p236-246.



Hinings, C. R. 1988.
Defending organization theory: A British
view from North America.
Organization Studies, 9: 2–7.




Elsbach, K. D., Sutton, R. I., & Whetten, D. A. 1999.
Introduction: Perspectives on developing management theory,
circa 1999: Moving from shrill monologues to (relatively)
tame dialogues. Academy of Management Review, 24:
627–633.


Davis, G. F. 2010.      Do theories of organization progress?
Organizational Research Methods, 13: 690–709.

Theory of Stretch Goals


Stretch goals force organizations to explore new ways of working.



The Paradox of Stretch Goals: Organizations in Pursuit of the Seemingly Impossible.

Sitkin, Sim B.; See, Kelly E.; Miller, C. Chet; Lawless, Michael W.; Carton, Andrew M. Academy of Management Review. Jul 2011, Vol. 36 Issue 3, p544-566



Stretch targets: What makes them effective?
Kenneth R. Thompson, Wayne A. Hochwarter and Nicholas J. Mathys
ACAD MANAGE PERSPECTIVES August 1, 1997 vol. 11 no. 3 48-60



Using stretch goals to promote organizational effectiveness and personal growth: General Electric and Goldman Sachs.
S Kerr, S Landauer - The Academy of Management Executive, 2004 - amp.aom.org


Six Sigma: the role of goals in improvement teams
K Linderman, RG Schroeder, AS Choo - Journal of Operations Management, December 2006

Multiple Team Membership Theory






Surveys estimate that 65 to 95 percent of knowledge workers across a wide range of industries
and occupations in the United States and Europe are members of more than one project
team at a time.




Organizations use multiple team membership to enhance individual and team productivity
and learning. There are problems in this structure. But carefully balancing the
number and variety of team memberships can enhance both productivity and learning.

Hence the theory of multiple team membership.




Multiple Team Membership: A Theoretical Model of its Effects on Productivity and Learning for Individuals and Teams.

By: O'leary, Michael Boyer; Mortensen, Mark; Woolley, Anita Williams. Academy of Management Review. Jul2011, Vol. 36 Issue 3, p461-478.

Theory of Organizational Learning


Still a Promising area of research



We reflect on how our framework of organizational learning (OL) has been
used in subsequent research and whether a theory of OL has emerged.

Although, there is subsequent research that has added to our original work, the challenge to develop an accepted theory remains unrealized.

We identify some promising directions for developing a theory of Organization Learning.





Reflections on the 2009 AMR Decade Award: Do We have a Theory of Organizational Learning?
By: Crossan, Mary M.; Maurer, Cara C.; White, Roderick E. Academy of Management Review. Jul2011, Vol. 36 Issue 3, p446-460.

Dissent in Democracy - Theory



Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions organized ten meetings of faculty of Indiana University to read and discuss materials on  Democracy and Dissent. They felt adequate attention in theory was not paid to this topic.

One of the papers that was developed as a part of this initiative.

Democratic Dissent  and theTrick of Rheotorical Critique
http://poynter.indiana.edu/files/4713/4513/2559/m-ivie.pdf

Knowledge Society - Theory





The knowledge and innovation society is based on the integration of the new technological infrastructures with the research, development and innovation processes, as well as with the
educational activities, contributing essentially to the development of the intellectual capital, as main resource of the actual society.

In Knowledge society, the intellectual capital is the main resource of the society.


SYNERGY AMONG KNOWLEDGE, CREATIVITY, RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND EDUCATION
MIHAELA MURESAN
Professor Ph.D, - “Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University, Bucharest.
http://euromentor.ucdc.ro/dec2011/en/synergyamongknowledgecreativityreseachmihaelamuresan_10.pdf



Distinction between knowledge and information.

Knowledge  – in whatever field – empowers its possessors with the capacity for intellectual or physical action. So knowledge is fundamentally a matter of cognitive capability.

Information, on the other hand, takes the shape of structured and formatted data. But it remains passive and inert until used by those with the knowledge needed to interpret and process them.


An Introduction to the Economy of the Knowledge Society
By
Paul A. David and Dominique Foray
University of Oxford Department of Economics, Discussion series, 2001
http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13105/1/Item.pdf



Teece, D. 1998. Capturing value from knowledge assets: The
new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible
assets. California management Review, 40(3): 55-79.




Creativity - Theory





George Kneller’s has tried to formalise the concept of creativity:

“Creativity consists in rearranging what we know in order to find out what we do
not know”.[1]
"Men rearrange existing knowledge and experience, their one
and others’ into a new form or pattern”.[2]

1.Johansson, Frans, (2004), The Medici effect: Breakthrough Insights at the
Intersection of Ideas, Concepts and Cultures, Harvard Business School Press.
2. John, Kao, (2005), The Innovation Manifesto.

The above statement with references was made by MIHAELA MURESAN in
"SYNERGY AMONG KNOWLEDGE, CREATIVITY, RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND EDUCATION"
http://euromentor.ucdc.ro/dec2011/en/synergyamongknowledgecreativityreseachmihaelamuresan_10.pdf
Dr. Muresan is Professor Ph.D, - “Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University, Bucharest.


ORGANIZATIONAL CREATIVITY CLIMATE FACTORS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE FRENCH ENERGY
MANAGEMENT INDUSTRY
2011 paper
http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/20110147.pdf


Toward a theory of creativity.
CR Rogers - Etc., 1954 - doi.apa.org



Creativity: The magic synthesis.
S Arieti - 1976 - doi.apa.org



An investment theory of creativity and its development.
RJ Sternberg, TI Lubart - Human development, 1991



Toward a theory of organizational creativity
RW Woodman, JE Sawyer, RW Griffin - Academy of management review, 1993


Putting creativity to work: Effects of leader behavior on subordinate creativity.
Redmond, Matthew R.; Mumford, Michael D.; Teach, Richard
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol 55(1), Jun 1993, 12


Propositions and Theories: Utilizing Creative BrainstormingTechniques to Stimulate Student Conceptual Development
 Laura M. Morthland & K. Thomas
http://www.academia.edu/667772/Propositions_and_Theories_Utilizing_Creative_Brainstorming_Techniques_to_Stimulate_Student_Conceptual_Development






Some practical uses of the concept

http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/synergy.html

Tuesday, November 13, 2012

Absorptive Capacity - Theory



The seminal paper was published in Administrative Science Quarterly, March 1990 by Wesley M Cohen and Daniel M. Levinthal.


Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation
Wesley M. Cohen; Daniel A. Levinthal
Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1, Special Issue: Technology, Organizations, and
Innovation. (Mar., 1990), pp. 128-152.




ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY: VALUING A RECONCEPTUALIZATION.
By: Todorova, Gergana; Durisin, Boris. Academy of Management Review. July 2007, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p774-786.



Absorbing the Concept of Absorptive Capacity: How To Realize
Its Potential in the Organization Field
Henk W. Volberda
Nicolai J. Foss
Marjorie A. Lyles
SMG working Paper 2009
http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/7955/CBS_Forskningsindberetning_SMG_238%5B2%5D.pdf?sequence=1


Practice oriented report


Absorbing Innovation by Australian Enterprises: The Role of Absorptive Capacity

Report on the Project for the Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources


Don Scott-Kemmis
Australian Centre for Innovation Ltd
Alan J. Jones
Erik Arnold
Chaiwat Chitravas
Deepak Sardana
Technopolis Ltd,
2008
Download from www.aciic.org.au


Sunday, January 8, 2012

Leadership Styles, Roles, Activities, Skills and Development - Research Perspective

This is probably the first post in this blog. Posted on 8 January 2012.
As on 4 March 2017, there are 212 posts in this blog.


The content is to be further enriched from research perspective. Presently it still reflects practice perspective.

Leadership Styles, Activities, Roles and Skills

Styles is a more popular concept. It can be said it started from the conception of theory X and theory Y. Theory X represents authoritarian style and theory Y represents an enlightened, humanistic style. Roles and activities are what leaders do and skills refer to things which make leaders effective.


Leadership Styles



Blake and Mouton’s classic managerial grid identifies leadership styles of practicing managers. The grid has two dimensions “concern for the people along the vertical axis and “concern for the task” along the horizontal axis. Each axis is divided into nine parts. The (1,1) manager has minimum concern for people and task. The opposite if the (9,9) manager. This individual has maximum concern for both people and task. A manager’s current position can be determined by a questionnaire developed by Blake and Moulton. Managers can be sensitized to the need for moving to (9,9) style.

(Robert Blake and Jane S. Mouton, “Should You Teach There’s only One Best Way to Manage?” Training HRD, April 1978, p. 24.)

Another approach to identifying leadership styles was formulated by Hersey and Blanchard. They also use two dimensions, task style and relationship style. They divide each axis into two parts, low and high and identify four styles.

1. Telling style: high task, low relationship
2. Selling style: high task, high relationship
3. Participation style: low task, high relationship
4. Delegating style: low task, low relationship

A situation variable maturity of the follower is brought into the model by Hersey and Blanchard. The level of maturity is defined three criteria:

1. Degree of achievement motivation of the follower.
2. Willingness to take on responsibility.
3. Amount of education and/or experience.

The maturity level is defined at four levels.

When maturity is very low, telling style is appropriate.
When maturity is low, selling style is to be used.
When maturity is high, participating style, is the preferred one.
When maturity is very high, delegation is the best style.

There is a questionnaire instrument that provides various situations depicting the maturity of the followers and managers asked to give their responses in terms of managerial actions. Then managers are made aware of their situation and style understanding.

Charismatic and transformational leadership theories also are included in leadership styles. House and Podsakoff identified the following activities as important for leaders and they have drawn these items from modern leadership theories like charismatic and transformational leadership.

1. Vision: Great leaders articulate an ideological vision (better future) congruent with deeply held values of followers so that they feel they have a moral right for the envisaged future.
2. Passion and self-sacrifice: Great leaders have passion for the vision and mission. They have a rational argument for the benefits, they show positive emotions in connection with mission and vision and they engage in outstanding or extraordinary behavior and make self-sacrifices in the interest of vision and mission.
3. Confidence, determination and persistence: Great leaders show high degree of faith in their vision and strategy. Determination and persistence are exhibited because of the confidence and moral conviction.
4. Image building: Great leaders realize that they must be perceived as competent, credible and trustworthy.
5. Role modeling: Leaders must be role models, meaning their behavior must be in line with expected behavior to achieve the vision. Great leaders demonstrate the role model leadership.
6. External representation: Outstanding leaders represent their organization to outsiders in a skillful way. It means the followers are very happy with the external communications of their leader.
7. Expectations of and confidence in followers: Great leaders have strong confidence in their followers' potential and ability to attain the high performance targets set in line with the vision.
8. Selective motive arousal: Great leaders have to identify the motives relevant to the accomplishment of the vision and mission and arouse those motives.
9. Frame alignment:  A set of followers' interests, values, and beliefs must have alignment with the activities proposed by the leader. This process is frame alignment and outstanding leaders do their homework in accomplishing this frame alignment.
10. Inspirational communication: Vivid stories, slogans, symbols, rituals and ceremonies are used in communication to inspire the followers to adhere to the mission and engage in activities to attain the vision.
( Reference for House and Podsakoff )

Roles of Leadership



Henry Mitzberg’s research on what leaders do resulted in a description of roles of managers.

The roles are described under three heads

Interpersonal Roles: Figurehead, Leader, Liaison
Informational Roles: Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson
Decisional Roles: Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource allocator, Negotiator

Activities of Leaders



The research studies of Fred Luthans along with his colleagues on what the managers are doing in their day-to-day work resulted in a listing of activities of leaders.

Fred Luthans and Lockwook came out with a list of activities that managers do: Planning/coordinating, staffing, training/developing, decision making/problem solving, processing paper work, exchanging routine information, monitoring/controlling performance, motivating/reinforcing, disciplining/punishing, interacting with outsiders, managing conflict, socializing/politicking.  All these are discussed in earlier management works also. They are grouped into the following four categories:

Routine Communication: Exchanging information, handling paper work
Traditional management: Planning, Decision making, Controlling
Networking: Interacting with outsiders, Socializing/Politicking
Human resource management: Motivating/Reinforcing, Disciplinary/Punishing, Managing conflict, Staffing, Training/Developing


Managerial Skills



Whetten and Cameron provided an empirical derivation of effective leadership skills. They are based on an interview study of 400 highly effective managers. 10 skills identified are:

1. Verbal communication (including listening)
2. Managing time and stress
3. Managing individual decisions
4. Recognizing, defining, and solving problems
5. Motivating and influencing others
6. Delegating
7. Setting goals and articulating a vision
8. Self awareness
9. Team building
10. Managing conflict

Whetton and Cameron highlighted three things in relation to these skills. The skills are behaviors and not traits. The skills sets have conflicting demands and all are not either soft or hard. Effective leaders are multiskilled people and limitations in skills do limit effectiveness.

This list can be compared with another list of five skills and we can see commonality among them:
1. Cultural flexibility 2. Communication skills 3. Creativity 4. HRD skills 5. Self-management of learning

Leadership Development by Organizations



Zand identified three areas to be developed for future leaders in an organization. They are knowledge required for the tasks, ability and behavior to develop trust in followers and acquisition and use of power.

A study of military cadets indicated that physical fitness, prior influence experiences, and great self-esteem were predictive of effectiveness in later leadership roles.

Luthans points out that the most recent mainstream approach to leadership development is centered on competencies. Bernardin, in his human resource management textbook also emphasized the importance given to competency modeling in job analysis and descriptions.

In leadership development, personal growth training that may involve a combination of psychological exercises and outdoor adventures is being used. Steven Covey talks of withstanding irritation more and more beyond the level of tolerance to develop the ability to withstand more nuisance. It is psychological exercise. The adventure exercises aim at developing in the participants a sense and ability to take responsibility for their own lives and thereby train them to take responsibility for their organizations.

References


Fred Luthans, Organizational Behavior, 9th Edition.